A Case Study of Joint Venture Banks in Nepal Essay

Using the data set published by joint venture banks in their annual reports, and NRB in its supervision annual reports, this paper examines the financial health of joint venture banks in the CAMEL framework. The health check up conducted on the basis of publicly available financial data concludes that the health of joint venture banks is better than that of the other commercial banks. In addition, the perusal of indicators of different components of CAMEL indicates that the financial health of joint venture banks are not so strong to manage the possible large scale shocks to their balance sheet and their health is fair. THE HISTORY OF MODERN commercial banking industry dates back to 1937 A.D in which year Nepal Bank Ltd. was incorporated. Till 1984, financial sector was closed to private sector and foreign investors. HMG/Nepal started to liberalize the financial sector in the first half of the 1980s. But it speeded up this process only in early 1990s. Private sector rushed into the finance industries especially after the restoration of democracy in 1990. Most of the commercial banks came into operation during the decade of 1990s. Government of any countries highly monitors and controls the finance industry even in the liberalized market economy. Government does so due to its high gravity in the national economy, and to build up the confidence of private sector in its financial system. Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) as an apex monetary authority of the country started to monitor and control the finance industry especially at the end of the 1990s by issuing the directives to the financial institutions (FIs). It initiated the offsite and onsite supervision of FIs to maintain their sound financial health and to build up  the confidence of private sector in the liberalized financial system and protect the interest of the investors. It has adopted the CAEL (capital adequacy, asset quality, earning and liquidity) system to check up the health of FIs. It has yet to use the CAMELS to evaluate the financial performance and check up the financial health. Independent outsiders also can not use all components of CAMELS to check up the financial health of FIs in Nepal due to the full disclosures of required financial information to outsiders. NRB dictated FIs to disclose the financial information in uniform way only in the fiscal year (FY) 2001/02. In this paper, attempt has been ma de to check up the financial health of joint venture banks in the framework of CAMEL. 1. Rationale of Regular Health Check up of Commercial Banks Not only the commercial banks but also any FIs require regular health check up to maintain the confidence of private sector in financial system of the country and protect the interest of depositors, lenders, shareholders and other stakeholders. The gravity of the importance of sound financial sector has increased tremendously after the international financial turmoil of the second half of the 1990s. International monetary authorities such as International Monetary Fund and international FI like the World Bank have underpinned the need of healthy financial sector to build up the confidence of private sector in the liber41 The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies alized financial system. Therefore, they have directed their member countries to reform the financial sector and conduct the regular health check up of FIs through onsite and offsite supervision. International FIs like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) are supporting the projects run in the vein of reforming process of the financial sector of different countries. For example, the World Bank is constantly providing the technical and financial support to reengineer NRB and restructure Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank (NRB 2005). Health of financial sector depends on the health of individual FIs. In addition, individual FI’s health counts on the myriad macro and micro factors. Among the macro factors, political stability and the real sector growth are vital. The financial health of FIs can not sustain without the political stability and sustainable real sector growth with sound health. However, the intensity of contagious effect of these macro variables may vary from one individual FI to another. Therefore, health of individual FI should be checked up regularly to know the intensity of such effect. Health of an individual FI is a function of multiple factors such as quality of its assets, liquidity position, capital base, management quality, market sensitivity and earnings. All these factors affect the different types of risk to an individual FI. Different types of risks: credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, market risk, off-balance sheet risk, foreign exchange risk, sovereign risk, technology, operational risk, insolvency risk, affect the health of an individual FI adversely if they are not managed in sustainable manner (Saunders and Cornett 2004). A number of factors such as quality of assets, financial market condition, foreign exchange market, composition of assets, financial health of its clients, profitability, capital adequacy, affect the degree of these risks. Financial health check-up of an individual institution should be made regularly to detect the adverse effect of these risks on its health. Micro-prudential indicators such as capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earning and profitability, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, and market based indicators like market price of financial instruments, credit ratings are used as indicators of the sound health of an individual FI (Evan and others 2000). These indicators are explained at length in the ensuing section of this paper. 2. Theoretical Prescription of CAMELS Framework The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) has recommended using capital adequacy, assets quality, management quality, earnings and liquidity (CAMEL) as criteria for assessing a FI in 1988 (ADB 2002). The sixth component, market risk (S) was added to CAMEL in 1997 (Gilbert, Meyer and Vaughan 2000). However, most of the developing countries are using CAMEL instead of CAMELS in the performance evaluation of the FIs. The central banks in some of the countries like Nepal, Kenya use CAEL instead of CAMELS. CAMELS framework is a common method for evaluating the soundness of FIs. This system was developed by regulatory authorities of the U.S banks. The Federal Reserve Bank, the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation all use this system (McNally 1996). Monetary authorities in the most of the countries are using this system to check up the health of an individual FI. In addition, International Monetary Fund also is using the aggregated indicators of individual FIs to assess the financial system 42 Health Check-up of Commercial Banks soundness of its member countries as part of its surveillance work (Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti 2000). 2.1 Capital Adequacy CAMELS framework system looks at six major aspects of an FI: capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings, liquidity, and sensitivity to market risk (Hilbers, Krueger and Moretti 2000). The first component, capital adequacy ultimately determines how well FIs can manage with shocks to their balance sheets. Thus, it tracks capital adequacy ratios that take into account the most important financial risks—foreign exchange, credit, and interest rate risks—by assigning risk weightings to the institution’s assets. For the purpose of capital adequacy measurement, bank capital is divided into Tier I and Tier II. Tier I capital is primary capital and Tier II capital is supplementary capital. In Nepalese context, Tier I (core/primary) capital includes paid-up capital, share premium, non-redeemable preference share, general reserve fund, accumulated profit, capital redemption reserve, capital adjustment fund, and other free reserve. Amount of the goodwill, fictitious assets, investment in the financial instruments issued by an organized organization in excess to the limit specified by NRB, and investment in the financial instruments issued by the organizations having the own financial interest is deducted from the sum of all elements of the primary capital to arrive at the core capital. Similarly, Tier II (supplementary) capital comprises of general loan loss provision, assets revaluation reserve, hybrid capital instruments, subordinated term loan, exchange equalization reserve, excess loan loss provision, and investment adjustment reserve. Thus, the total capital of commercial banks is the sum of core capital and supplementary capital (NRB 2005). Leverage ratio can be used to measure the capital adequacy of a bank. This is the ratio of bank’s book value of core capital to the book value of its assets. The higher ratio shows the higher level of capital adequacy. The U.S.A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) of 1991 has fixed the five target zones: i. 5 percent and above ii. 4 percent and above iii. under 4 percent, iv. under 3 percent, v. 2 percent and less, of leverage ratio. The leverage ratio falling in the first zone implies that bank is well capitalized. Similarly, the leverage falling in the second zone shows that bank is adequately capitalized. The leverage falling in the last three zones indicates that bank is inadequately capitalized and regulators should take prompt corrective action to bring the capital to the desirable level (Saunders and Cornett 2004). The leverage ratio stated in the foregoing discussion is simple capital to assets ratio. In other words, assets are not risk adjusted. The 1993 Basel Accord enforced the capital ratio to risk adjusted assets of commercial banks. According to this accord, core capital must equal to or exceed 4 percent of the risk weighted assets of the commercial banks. Similarly, the amount of the supplementary capital should not exceed the amount of the core capital and the total capital must equal or exceed 8 percent of risk weighted assets (Saunders and Cornett 2004). NRB initially fixed the core capital at the level of 4.5 percent of the risk weighted assets and total capital at the level of 9 percent of risk weighted assets of the commercial banks (NRB 2058). For the current FY2005/06, the mandatory levels of core capital and total capital are 6 percent and 12 percent of risk weighted assets of commercial banks. But NRB has strictly directed all commercial banks that the amount of the supplementary capital should not be in excess to the amount of the core capital (NRB 2005). 43 The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 2.2 Asset Quality Credit risk is one of the factors that affect the health of an individual FI. The extent of the credit risk depends on the quality of assets held by an individual FI. The quality of assets held by an FI depends on exposure to specific risks, trends in non-performing loans, and the health and profitability of bank borrowers—especially the corporate sector. We can use a number of measures to indicate the quality of assets held by FIs. ADB suggests these measures—loan concentration by industry, region, borrower and portfolio quality; related party policies and exposure on outstanding loan, approval process of loan, check and balance of loans; loan loss provision ratio; portfolio in arrear; loan loss ratio; and reserve ratio—of checking the quality of assets of an FI (ADB 2002). NRB uses composition of assets, nonperforming loan to total loan ratio, net nonperforming loan to total loan ratio as the indicators of the quality of assets of commercial banks (NRB 2005. NRB has directed the commercial banks in regards to the concentration of the loan. Any licensed FI can grant the fund base loan to a single borrower or borrowers related to the same business group up to the 25 percent of its primary capital. In the same vein, it can provide the non-fund base loan up to 50 percent of its core capital (NRB 2005). Similarly, it has directed FIs to classify the loans into performing loan and nonperforming loans. The loans that are not due and 3 months past due fall in the class of performing loans/performing assets and others do in the non-performing loans. Further, non-performing loans are classified into three groups: substandard, doubtful, and bad debt/ loss (for detail classification see NRB directive 2/061/62). Commercial banks have to make 1 percent provision for pass loan/performing loan, 25 percent for substandard loan, 50 percent for doubtful loan and 100 percent for bad loan (NRB 2005). Non-performing assets in the total assets of commercial banks was 22.77 percent in the FY 2003/04. But the percentage of non-performing assets of an individual commercial bank varies from 0.76 percent to 57.64 in the same fiscal year. But the normal international standard of the percentage of non-performing assets is 5-8 percent of the total assets. 2.3 Management Quality Sound management is key to bank performance but is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable to individual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve as an indicator of management soundness. Expenses ratio, earning per employee, cost per loan, average loan size and cost per unit of money lent can be used as a proxy of the management quality. ADB recommends cost per unit of money lent as a proxy of management quality. But this can not be used as an indicator of management quality in Nepal. Since the data on amount of the total loan mobilized during a particular FY is not available in published financial statements and annual reports. As stated earlier, NRB has skipped up this component of CAMELS in the performance evaluation of commercial banks (see NRB 2005). 2.4 Earning Performance Earning capacity or profitability keeps up the sound health of an FI. Chronically unprofitable FI risks insolvency on one hand and on the others, unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking of an FI. There are different indicators of profitability. Return on assets, return on equity, interest-spread ratio, earning-spread ratio, gross margin, 44 Health Check-up of Commercial Banks operating profit margin and net profit margin are commonly used profitability indicators. NRB uses return on total assets as an indicator of profitability of a commercial bank. In addition, it uses the absolute measures such as interest income, net interest income, noninterest income, net non-interest income, non-operating income, net non-operating income and net profit, to evaluate the profitability of a commercial bank (NRB 2005). 2.5 Liquidity Liquidity risk threats the solvency of FIs. In the case of commercial banks, first type of liquidity risk arises when depositors of commercial banks seek to withdraw their money and the second type does when commitment holders want to exercise the commitments recorded off the balance sheet. Commercial banks have to borrow the additional funds or sell the assets at fire sale price to pay off the deposit liabilities. They become insolvent if sale price of the assets are not enough to meet the liability withdrawals. The second type of liquidity risk arises when demand for unexpected loans can not be met due to the lack of the funds. Commercial banks can raise the  funds by running down their cash assets, borrowing additional funds in the money markets and selling off other assets at distressed price. Both liability side liquidity risk (first type risk) and asset side liquidity risk (second type risk) affect the health of commercial banks adversely. But maintaining the high liquidity position to minimize such risks also adversely affects the profitability of FIs. Return on highly liquid assets is almost zero. Therefore, FIs should strike the tradeoff between liquidity position and profitability so that they could maintain their health sound. Commercial bank’s liquidity exposure can be measured by analyzing the sources and uses of liquidity. In this approach, total net liquidity is worked out by deducting the total of uses of liquidity from the total of sources of liquidity. Similarly, BIS maturity laddering model can be used to measure the liquidity of a commercial banks. In addition, different liquidity exposure ratios such as borrowed funds to total assets, core deposit to total assets, loans to deposits, and commitments to lend to total assets are used to measure the liquidity position of a commercial bank (Saunders and Cornett 2004). NRB uses total loan to total deposit ratio, cash and equivalents to total assets ratio, cash and equivalents to total deposit ratio, NRB balance to total deposit ratio to measure the liquidity position of commercial banks in the course of the performance evaluation of commercial banks (NRB 2005). 2.6 Sensitivity to Market Risk Commercial banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations such as lending and borrowing, transaction in foreign exchange, selling off assets pledged for securities and so on. All these are subject to market risk like interest rate risk, foreign exchange rate risk, and financial asset and commodity price risk. The health of an FI more sensitive to market risk is more hazardous than that of less sensitive. Foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, equity price risk, and commodity price risk are the indicators of sensitivity to market risk. 3. Methodology At present, all together 17 commercial banks are in operation. Out of this, Rastriya Banijya Bank is fully owned by HMG/Nepal while in case of Nepal Bank Ltd, HMG/Nepal is the major shareholder. There are six joint venture banks in collaboration with the foreign investment partners and remaining are fully owned by Nepalese investors. For the purpose 45 The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies of this study, the population has been defined in term of joint venture commercial banks. So the population of this study is six. For the purpose of this study, 3 banks—Nabil Bank Limited (Nabil), Nepal SBI Bank Ltd. (NSBI) and Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (SCBN), were selected randomly (for sampling frame and sample refer to Appendix 1). This study is based on the historical data disclosed by annual reports of commercial banks. NRB has dictated the commercial banks to disclose the financial information in the prescribed format since the FY 2001/02. So, the comparison of financial performance of commercial banks each other is only possible only the FY 2000/01 onward.1 Most of the commercial banks have yet to hold the annual general meeting and publish their annual report for the FY 2004/05. So, it is not possible to include this FY in the study. Therefore, this study covers the last four consecutive fiscal years—from the FY 2000/01 through FY 2003/04. The analysis of this study is entirely based on the CAMELS framework. As stated in theoretical prescription, health check up of any FIs in this framework is concentrated in the six components: capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earning, liquidity and sensitivity to market. But in this study, the last component has been dropped due to the presence of much more complication. So, analysis of financial health of joint venture banks is carried out in the framework of CAMEL. Indicators of each component also have been used according to the financial data disclosed in annual reports of sampled joint venture banks. So, complicated indicators of each component of CAMEL framework of checking up the health of the banks have been skipped up in this study (for the indicators of each component refer to Appendix 2). 4. Analysis of Financial Health of Commercial Banks This section of this paper analyses the indicators of the financial health of sampled joint venture banks in the CAMEL framework. As stated in methodology, all indicators of the financial health of FIs have not be worked out and analyzed, only the indicators permitted by the publicly available comparable financial data have been used to analyze the financial health of the sampled banks. The ensuing section presents the analysis of different indicators of sound health of an FI in the context of joint venture banks in Nepal. 4.1 Capital Adequacy As stated earlier, leverage ratio, core capital ratio, total capital ratio and supplementary capital ratio are used as the indicators of capital adequacy of an FI. Leverage ratios of sampled banks, in general, show that joint venture banks are well capitalized and they are strong enough to mange the shock to balance sheet. Since the leverage ratios of sampled banks during the study periods are greater than 5 percent. Conventionally, leverage ratio of 5 percent or greater than 5 percent indicates that commercial banks are well capitalized. The indicators: TCR, CCR and SCR, of capital adequacy of joint venture banks also corroborate with the implication of leverage ratio. In general, all banks under study have met the capital adequacy ratio as directed by NRB. Only NSBI has not met the minimum capital requirement as directed by NRB in the FY 2000/01 and FY 2003/04. In these fiscal years, its TCR and CCR are lower than that of minimum ratio specified by NRB. Similarly, in the Financial information for the FY2000/01 were extracted from the annual reports of the sample banks. But this was not possible in Nabil Bank Ltd. Capital of commercial banks in Nepal is negative due to the heavy amount of negative capital of two public sector banks: Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank. Capital of these two banks is negative due to the heavy accumulated losses. Thus, the public sector banks have yet to meet the capital adequacy requirements as required by NRB. But private sector banks have, in general, met the capital adequacy requirement. The comparison between the capital fund to risk weighted assets ratio of each individual joint venture bank with the aggregate capital fund ratio of private sector commercial banks (IAR) implies that joint venture banks have stronger capital base than that of other private sector banks in general. In addition, average capital fund ratio of joint venture banks during the study period hovers around 14 percent. This is higher than the minimum ratio specified by NRB. This clearly implies that joint venture banks are complying with the directive of NRB on the requirement of the capital base of commercial banks. As stated in the foregoing analysis, banks under study are well capitalized and they are complying with the directive of NRB on capital adequacy ratio. But their capital base relative to the risk weighted assets is not so strong. According to the international rating convention, total capital should be greater than 19.5 percent of the total risk weighted assets of commercial banks in order to be a strong capital base. But none of the banks under study has the capital fund greater than 19.5 percent of the total risk weighted capital. As indicated by TCR, on the average, capital adequacy of joint venture banks is fair during the study period. Total capital adequacy ratio less than 15 and equal to 12 indicates that capital adequacy is fair and on the average this ratio falls within this range. 47 The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 4.2 Asset Quality It is obvious from the theoretical prescription that the health of commercial banks largely depends on the quality of assets held by them, and quality of the assets relies on the financial health of their borrowers. As stated earlier, many indicators can be used to measure the quality of assets held by commercial banks. But, here, only two simple indicators— non-performing asset ratio and loan loss reserve ratio—are used to measure the quality of assets being held by banks. The increasing trend of these ratios shows the deteriorating quality of commercial bank assets. In general, 5 percent to 10 percent of non-performing assets is considered as satisfactory level of quality of bank assets, Table 2: Indicators of Asset Quality of Sampled Banks

Genesis and Oedipus Rex Essay

As if peering into a glass of time, Genesis and Oedipus Rex seemed to have made me travel back through realization to make me reassess how I understood these early texts. Initially, the two texts seem to have nothing in common. Genesis, as the term implies, talks about the beginning, focusing on the creation myth and proceeding to the stories about the first people of the world inclusive of its genealogy and progress towards becoming a nation. Oedipus Rex, on the other hand, presents a snippet of a King’s life including his musings, fears, decision-making and actions. One seems to be solely about Theology and the other about politics. I realized later though that both are actually part of a bigger picture – the culture of Western Civilization. Women’s role in Western Civilization is generally limited to home, maternal and family life. Sarai, for instance, has the right to command her home. This was shown in the part where Abraham told Sarai â€Å"Your maid is in your power. Do to her whatever you please. † (Gen. 16: 6). Similarly, Jocasta’s entrance in Oedipus started as a manner of putting order in the house. During this time, Creon and Oedipus were arguing because of Creon’s assumptive claims on the misfortune of their land and the solutions. Women’s role as wife was emphasized in Sarai’s inability to conceive. Stressing this, accounts for another aspect – the importance of children in a family. It is apparent that women should bear children for their husbands and perhaps it is this tragedy that pushed Sarai to suggest for Abraham to take Hagar, her maid, and have children through her. There were also numerous instances where Abraham asked God when Sarai would conceive a child proving further how important children are not only for the â€Å"order of things† but also for the family. If you’ll also follow, when Hagar, pregnant of Ishmael, was sent away by Sarai, an angel advised Hagar to return. Later, when Abraham sent both Hagar and Ishmael away, God did not only provide and help Hagar and Ishmael survive the desert but as promised to Abraham, blessed Ishmael’s generations. God’s participation in this picture further asserts the value of children in â€Å"His design. † For Jocasta, another aspect of a woman’s role as wife was highlighted. Her’s focuses on enlightening, empowering and giving advise to her husband at the time of extreme doubt. This was shown at the time Oedipus was worried and earlier – when she gave up the baby Oedipus – to prevent her husband’s fate. Women also have a role in politics, but this is limited to their symbolic purposes. Jocasta is queen to both King Lauis and Oedipus, symbolizing her continuous devotion to her land, to serve as mother of the kingdom, rather than co-ruler. Much in the same way as Sarai is called â€Å"mother of all nations,† for she is the wife of Abraham, and from her, will spring the roots and generations to come. Men, on the other hand, have a critical role in Western Civilization. During this time, society was highly patriarchal and men, through the characters, Abraham and Oedipus, reflect not only the culture of their times, but also, the thoughts and patterns of morality and humanity. First instance was how men treats women. Twice within the sample text of Genesis did Abraham introduce Sarai as his sister for fear of being killed due to Sarai’s beauty. From this we can assume that one’s wife can be claimed by killing her husband, that a woman can be â€Å"won† or â€Å"taken† by force, else the occurrence and/or rampancy of adulterous relationships. Perhaps it is for this reason that adultery is called a sin and that anyone who commits such will receive misfortune – just like what happened to the land of Egypt and the land of Gerar when the rulers took Sarai as their queen/wife. It is a bit different in Oedipus because here, it is depicted that women can be passed from one king to another, for Jocasta was the dead Lauis queen and was queen to Oedipus, the present king. Although there are other factors involved, fact remains that women can be passed on, as it appears fit. Second instance was how men treats their nation. In the story of Sodom and Gommorah, Abraham considered the welfare of the people that he took the courage to technically, bargain with Yahweh – that the city must have some goodness left in it, that it cannot be destroyed with the faithful in it. From fifty people, he was able to ask God to spare Sodom if there are 10 faithful people – and sad to say, there wasn’t. Oedipus form of atonement in consideration of the welfare of his land is in a way like this. He has chosen to blind and banish himself from the land which he has done injustice to – killing its ruler and sleeping with his own mother. Third instance is in the way men carries out their decisions. As leaders, both Abraham and Oedipus consider civility and reason before acting upon it. Abraham, for instance, took into account the fact that his and Lot’s herdsmen cannot live together and so decided to separate with his brother so that Lot and his herdsmen can pursue their own future as he goes to the opposite direction. Much in the same way when Oedipus confronted Creon and in spite of his suspicions and doubt, set aside his fears and objectively pursued the issue Creon told him. He has called upon all the links mentioned upon him, the slave, shepherd and messenger and carefully inquired details about what happened. He did not inject ideas but rather, took the facts they offer and connected the events in a string, used his reason and acquired the truth of the matter – even if it means the realization of his fears. It is quite noticeable though that the fatalistic and monotheistic belief patters are evident in both texts. Abraham follows the will of Yahweh while Oedipus yields to Apollo. Both also take part in atonement of mistakes, Jocasta’s suicide and Oedipus’ decision to blind and banish himself is an example. Offering sacrifices is another. There is one difference though. In Genesis, Abraham is able to talk to Yahweh and He answers him directly. Apollo has no voice in Oedipus except through the mouths of the oracle or the seers. Conversation with divinities was possible in Genesis while it is not in Oedipus. Emphasis on human nature is also clear in both texts. Abraham, although a man of faith, has always been free to choose on what to do. Such with sleeping with Hagar and accepting the consequences of his actions, such with separating with Lot and bargaining with Yahweh to save Sodom and Gommorah, such with traveling and moving on forward to various lands, even if it means pretending to be a brother to Sarai, or if it means having to sacrifice his only son for his God. Much in the same way as Oedipus, who has been played by fate, yes, but wittingly, listened and pursued truth as it was told by â€Å"witnesses† – living proofs of people’s actions. He has admitted that it was his own decision – not moved by any God – to strike Lauis for he was at a raging disappointment, much in the same way as it his own decision to blind and banish himself from his land – to punish himself for his crime and for causing his kingdom, misfortune for his actions or his curse. Similarly, Jocasta’s action to commit suicide, as punishment of her mistakes. A simple truth and belief carried across times, even today, that such assessment or review can make me think like this†¦ good only begets good. And in the end, no matter how impossible, or how human and unlikely, Justice prevails. Time teaches souls that wander barren of moments but that of voices from the past read through the lips of beings like me. References: Catholic Biblical Association of America (1971). The New American Bible. Washington: Catholic Publishers Inc. Pickering, James H. & Hoeper, Jeffrey (1990). King Oedipus by Sophocles, translated by William Butler Yeats. Literature. New York: Macmillan

Law & Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law & Ethics - Essay Example According to this model, whenever a lawyer is representing a client, it does not amount to the lawyer endorsing the economic, sociopolitical or moral outlook of the client (Zacharias, n.p.). This therefore means, that a lawyer is distinct from the activities of a client even in appointed representation, and thus should not be party to the activities of the client that amount either to fraud or misconduct of the client. This way, the model requires the lawyer to act in a way that does not entangle him/her in misconduct or fraud committed by the client, and thus act as a gatekeeper who prevents such occurrences within an organization (Wan, 502). Further, the ABA Model 2004 defines and limits the scope of representation of a client by the lawyer, through stipulating that a lawyer may not represent a client or assist the client in a conduct that is deemed to be illegal or fraudulent, but that the lawyer should instead discuss and offer legal counsel to the client, regarding such matters (Zacharias, n.p.). ... an integral part of corporate governance, through defining the corporate organization as a client, and through providing for the course of action that a lawyer should take in protecting the client against adversarial intentions and activities (Zacharias, n.p.). The Model provides that whenever an organization’s lawyer knows that an employee, an officer or any other person associated with the organization is engaged in an action or is intending to engage in an action that is likely to harm an organization, the lawyer is duty-bound to act in the best interest of the organization, to prevent the occurrence f the same (Wan, 512). According to the provisions of this model, unless the lawyer reasonably believes that it will not be in the best interest of the organization, the lawyer should refer the matter to a higher authority within the organization, and if it is warranted, to another higher authority outside the organization, that will act in the best interest of the organization (Zacharias, n.p.). This way, the model places a lawyer in a gate keeping position, and requires that he lawyer should always act in the best interest that protects the client, or hinder the client from conduction fraudulent, criminal or immoral activities (Wan, 488). Question 2: The incentives framework that rentier-state theory introduced in Kuwait and how it impacted the business environment The rentier-state theory introduced a political autonomy framework of incentives in Kuwait, allowing the country to be able to discharge its internal affairs without being overly influenced by external and foreign forces, regarding the internal matters of governance and administration (Al-Zumai, 7). This incentive framework is an essential aspect for the establishment of a legal framework that works for

Create of arts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Create of arts - Assignment Example In the movie, Jeff suspects one of his neighbors has murdered his wife and tries to investigate through his rear window. The manner in which events unfold raise the element of suspense. 3. The main theme is that of voyeurism. The main actor is put in a position which is usually left for the viewers, that of watching without being seen. The viewer watches the main actor watching his neighbors. It shows what goes on in the lives of different problems and what they go through. Furthermore, the lengths people go through to solve problems is highlighted. 4. Movies can be approached from a feministic or masculine approach. They can also be analyzed based on the theme, the target audience or focusing on a character among others. The movie ‘Rear Window’ is usually analyzed from a feminist perspective because of the role played by the female. Most characters in the movie are female. The lonely woman who entertains inexistent gentlemen callers, the woman with an active social life, the wife who was murdered, the photographer’s girlfriend and the nurse are some of the main women in film. They play a key role on plot development. 5. Despite the age of the film, it is still very relevant. The concept of murder is very real and so is the fact that one cannot really know their neighbors. The movie can still instill fear and suspense in the viewer. The fact that one of your neighbors could be secretly watching you is also frightening. The film can be made even more frightening with modern technology and special effects. 6. Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalyst credited with many studies about the mind and mental state. Alfred Hitchcock’s movie incorporate several aspects of the Freud’s studies in terms of the lengths people go to and what makes them

Over the next 30 years, what are the risks to National Security posed Essay - 1

Over the next 30 years, what are the risks to National Security posed by increased competition for energy and food resources; and what initiatives might Qatar pursue to reduce these risks - Essay Example sks, as it will increase vulnerability to deterioration in the terms of trade between food and oil or the exhaustion of their reserves.3 These risks can lead to increased violence or foster another Arab Spring.4 Subject to the significance of the risks to national security, Qatar must pursue measures aimed at reducing these risks. Indeed, strategic storage and investments in port and rail infrastructure to create a regional import and transport network, economic diversification, trade diversification, price controls and consumer subsidies, strategic stockholding, and investing at home can help Qatar to reduce these risks.5 Moreover, Qatar can reduce these risks by securing imports and securing food at home to prevent terrorists from contaminating the food supply with hazardous materials.6 Ultimately, Qatar can reduce these risks by using the Qatar National Food Security Programme to achieve sustainability, adopt technology in conserving water and electricity, and abhorring research technology, and innovation to enhance food security.7 Bailey, Rob, and Robin Willoughby. â€Å"Edible Oil: Food Security in the Gulf.† CHATHAM HOUSE. January 22, 2014.

British Petroleum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Petroleum - Case Study Example Colonialism, however, eventually collapsed but BP did not (Heiss, 1997). Indeed, not only did BP survive the collapse of colonialism but it expanded its global operations, effectively maintained its status as one of the world's top oil and gas multinationals. In recent years, however, BP's status was threatened by industrial accidents which, consequent to their detrimental environmental effects, turned public opinion against the company. Survival, evidenced in the fact that it did re-bounce, was predicated on the successful revamping of BP's image. With the dawn of the new millennium, British Petroleum's problems reached the point of crisis. Its environmental and human rights records were placed in the spotlight and subjected to public scrutiny, with the outcome being that in both 2001 and 2006, BP was named as one of the world's worst corporations (Cameron, 2006). Allegations, the majority of which were substantiated and incontrovertibly factual, encompassed of BP's poor environmental record, its abuse of its own employees, its support of totalitarian governments for its own financial gain and the exploitation of the public's dependency on oil and gas for the expansion of its profit margins. Accusations pertaining to abuse of its labour force focus on the Tex... gh price in 2005 when a large column overfilled with gas, leading to the formation of a vapour cloud and, eventually, an explosion which killed 15 employees, injured several others and destroyed a significant percentage of the plant itself. More independent and internal investigations placed the blame squarely on BP, focusing on mismanagement and lack of regard for worker and environmental safety as evidence in its failure to maintain the plant and implement the minimum required safety standards (Cameron, 2006). Prior to recovering from the Texas City Refinery Disaster, BP confronted an environmental disaster in Prudhoe bay, Alaska, fording the closure of its pipelines there. In 2006, corrosion in its pipeline led to the spilling of 5,000 barrels of oil into the environment (Cameron, 2006). At this point, part of, but not all of the pipeline was closed. In 2007, a second disaster forced the closure of much of the remaining operational sections of the pipeline. Again, the cause was cited as BP's failure to adequately invest in safety and maintenance. It is interesting to note that in 2006 BP admitted to the fact that it had contributed to the degradation of the Alaskan natural environment through seepages which totaled approximately 27,000 barrels of oil (BP,' n.d.). The fallout of BP's seemingly callous attitude towards worker safety and the environment, were only exacerbated by its support of totalitarian and abusive governments for the purpose of maintaining corporate profits. In 2006, BP lost a lawsuit launched against it by Columbian farmers who accused the company of supporting an openly abusive regime for the purpose of maintaining its pipeline operations in the country. A similar accusation was made by the West Papua population which accused BP of

FRESHFRUIT INC. CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FRESHFRUIT INC. - Case Study Example r to achieve the setout objective include increasing or reducing promotion expenditure, reduction of the selling price, increasing advertising expenditure and increasing the selling price. Each of the various marketing tools has a direct effect on the gross profit earned in 2013 and market share that will be attained in 2013. Consequently, the management has to undertake a combination of two marketing tools among the various marketing tools level to achieve the 2013 objectives optimally. Owing to the gross profit levels the various marketing tools are able to generate for the organization, the management should consider focusing on undertaking a marketing combination that is capable of attaining the 39% gross profit level of sales revenue and market share of at least 14.2% or closer to that range. This is because any combination of the marketing tool will not be able to achieve a gross profit worth $1,200,000 and market share worth 15% through average computation. Owing to the diverse effect of each level of the various marketing tools available for the management of Fresh-Fruit Incorporation in achieving the setout goals, the optimal combination that should be considered is increase promotion expenditure by 10% and increase in selling price by 3%. This is because the combination of the two selected marketing tools has high potential of enabling the organization to attain results that are close to the operation objectives in 2013 financial year (Quiry & Vernimmen, 2011). An increase in promotion expenditure by 10% according to the simulation developed by the management of the corporation indicates that the firm will be able attain a market share of 14.47% and gross profit increment up to 35.22%. Similarly, an increase in selling price will see the gross profit percentage rising to 37.6% and market share of 14.81%. If the two marketing strategies are combined, they will achieve the highest positioning towards attaining the 2013 financial year compared to other

B2B Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

B2B Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Also, there should be a target of assigning the necessary resources to the segments that are being profitable. This strategy might not be immediately very profitable, as there will probably be some more inherent costs, even though some profit is expected, which will help in the company's actual financial situation. It is essential to start thinking about producing and marketing new products with the same characteristics which the actual consumers need. The products that the customers want to be on the market should be concentrated on, rather than continuing to offer the same customized products. I have learned from this simulation that in order to create demand, there has to be adequate investment in hiring of sales offices, web centers, customer service, promotions and advertising. I feel that for better profitability, there must be good relations with suppliers and customers. "Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes and organizational practices" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004). Also, having the right products, in the exact moment seems to require quite some time, and I think this is another important issue to be considered. When an organisation has produced the right product or services, they would want to deliver it according to current products and happenings in the actual market, and also according to what the competition is doing. I think it is important for the company to examine what the priorities are, and to review the currently established brand service prices. Effectiveness of Strategy According to Kreitner and Kinicki, there are three stages in this strategy or model of planned change, and this strategy is instrumental in initiating, managing and stabilizing the change process. The three stages of planned change are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Unfreezing focuses on creating the motivation to change, changing focuses on providing employees with new information, behavioral models and new ways of looking at things. Refreezing is the final stage used to help employees integrate the changed behavior into the every day process of doing business. Once employees are provided the opportunity to exhibit the new behavior, positive reinforcement is needed to reinforce the desire change (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004) Works cited Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2003). Organizational behavior 6e. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved February 12, 2007 from University of PhoenixResource, MBA520 Resource optimization website http://forio.com/pdasim.htm

Copyright and Intellectual Property in Architecture Term Paper

Copyright and Intellectual Property in Architecture - Term Paper Example The trial court used the three year statute of limitations to terminate the grievance on the grounds that the architect should have learnt the basis for its grievance and marched in to the courts much earlier than it had done. On petition, this ruling was overturned. The court established that there was no steadfast evidence hence convincing the trial judge to decide that the architect was on notification of the supposed copyright infringement preceding the passing of the legal period. Moreover , the court revised the AIA contract treaty and ruled that there were no grounds for establishing that the architect’s ideas were â€Å"work for hire† or that the development proprietor had any under contract founded copyright importance in the architect’s ideas. A closure agreement among the parties also considered the usage of the ideas and was a vital contemplation by the court. In Warren Freedenfeld Associates, Inc. v. McTigue et al., 531 F.3d 38 (1st Cir. 2008), a vet erinarian hired an architect to scheme the design of a veterinary hospital. The contractual agreement that was applied for this purpose was an AIA deed. Even though the court does not outline which specific AIA document was applied, it is probable that it was B 141 (1987) meanwhile the court refers to Article 6 as relating to tenure of documents. When it comes to architectural documents Copyright can be described as property that is founded on a person’s creative skill and labour. The copyright law was created to protect the original architect’s work from unauthorized use and to ensure the the originality of the creation is maintained at all times. Copyrights are physically intangible however they grant an unoriginal user the rights to copy or to publish the original work to facilitate communication to the public. Architectural copyrights are governed by certain Copyright acts. Architects who own Copyrights have exclusive economic rights that vary according to the diff erent types of works and other subject-matter protected by copyright. This differentiates the various forms of works which are normally protected by copyrights. For instance in the literary, dramatic or musical works category the rights granted to the creator may include the right to reproduce the work e.g. making recordings like films or albums. They might also be granted the right to publish their work and also the right to perform their work in public through concerts. In the case of artistic works the creator has the right to reproduce the work in material form or can communicate the work to the public via electronic forms. Besides the economic rights, there exists moral rights which apply to all works and are derived from the French droit moral which include the right to integrity of authorship, the right to attribution of authorship and the right against false attribution of authorship. Moral rights endure for the term of the copyright but it should be noted though, that an au thor's right of integrity of authorship in respect of a film is limited to the author's lifetime. Transmission of copyrights Copyright can be dealt with in the same way as other forms of personal property. It can be assigned, licensed, given away, sold, left by will, or passed on according to the laws relating to intestacy or bankruptcy. This does not apply to moral rights whic

Where will healthcare be in the next five years Term Paper

Where will healthcare be in the next five years - Term Paper Example What is the future of health care in America? This piece seeks to address some of those questions in detail. I believe that health care reform in the United States is still going to be a hotly-contested issue, especially when it comes to the complaints that will be heard by: doctors; insurance companies; and small business owners, especially when it comes to issues like long-term care, walk-in clinics, hospitals, and health care reform bill issues. Doctors are not going to like the new health insurance plan. Since doctors are going to have to treat everyone from now on, regardless of whether they can pay or not, obviously this is going to have a huge effect on how doctors do business. Doctors cannot now turn away patients. They must be willing to see anyone who comes to them with a problem because now everyone will have insurance in order to pay for their doctors’ visits. Doctors are going to most likely be upset with health care reform because of several reasons. Doctors are going to be more in demand now more than ever because they will have to treat so many new patients. They can’t charge whatever they want—they are going to have to receive whatever payment the government gives them. This may upset many doctors because, before now doctors could control much of what their salary was when they regulated the prices for their visits. Since health care is going to be mandated, many doctors will have to receive subsidies from the government for seeing people on the public health care plan, and they are not going to like this establishment for long-term care. Walk-in clinics are most likely going to be overwhelmed. Doctors in hospitals will have to treat whomever walks through their doors, for the most part. They must now treat everyone, regardless of people having had pre-existing conditions. Now doctors must treat whoever comes to them for help; they cannot pick and choose. â€Å"Like insurance companies, physicians and hospitals will

Joking Apart Essay Example for Free

Joking Apart Essay Joking Apart is a BBC television sitcom written by Steven Moffat about the rise and fall of a relationship. It juxtaposes a couple, Mark (Robert Bathurst) and Becky (Fiona Gillies), who meet and fall in love before getting separated and finally divorced. The twelve episodes, broadcast between 1993 and 1995, were directed by Bob Spiers and produced by Andre Ptaszynski for independent production company Pola Jones. The show is semi-autobiographical; it was inspired by the then-recent separation of Moffat and his first wife. Some of the episodes in the first series followed a non-linear parallel structure, contrasting the rise of the relationship with the fall. Other episodes were ensemble farces, predominantly including the couples friends Robert (Paul Raffield) and Tracy (Tracie Bennett). Paul-Mark Elliott also appeared as Trevor, Beckys lover. Scheduling problems meant that the show attracted low viewing figures. However, it scored highly on the Appreciation Index and accrued a loyal fanbase. One fan acquired the home video rights from the BBC and released both series on his own DVD label. (more) Recently featured: Stonewall riots – Hippopotamus – Ten Commandments in Roman Catholicism

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Today was possibly one of the worst days in a long, long time. It was dreadful. It started off as a nice but breezy day, which we all like here because it gets the sun of your back. Especially when the poor men are out in the fields collecting the harvests. As the day got longer I started to feel a gut ache coming on from eating those ghastly turnips, all I could think of to get rid of it was a slug of whisky. I knew it was unlikely someone would have a drop but it was still worth a try. I heard the galloping noise of men coming back on the horses. Once they had been back for a while and showered or whatever they do these days, I went into the bunk house and asked Slim if he had any whiskey but, sadly he didn’t. Carlson walked in and turned on the shaded light. He looked down at my dog with disgust and shrieked â€Å"God awmighty, that dog stinks. Get him outta here, Candy! I don’t know nothing that stinks as bad as an old dog. You gotta get him out. † This hurt my feelings a lot I don’t think they understood how much that dog meant to me. They were trying to make me feel bad by saying that I was making him suffer. They wanted to shoot  him. I tried putting it off until tomorrow but Carlson wasn’t having it. I guess I was going to have to let him do it. I know I was going to regret but I murmured â€Å"Awright-take ‘im. †. I knew otherwise they would be on my back the whole time and they promised he wouldn’t suffer, I just wanted to do what I thought was best for him. Carlson sure did take that dog as if he was nothing. I didn’t even feel like eating, drinking, talking I just sat there feeling guilty for what I had just let Carlson do. I had him since he was a pup you know; he was herding sheep all over the place. BANG! The deafening roar of the noise went right through me. He was gone. I slowly rolled over and faced the wall in disappointment of why I wasn’t man enough to shoot him myself. I didn’t even get to say a proper goodbye. He seemed like my only true friend and the only one I could rely on. I could trust him with anything I always used to tell him my secrets. This was all I could think about, just him and nothing else. Why can’t life just be a continuous thrill? Why do bad things need to happen? They just thought he was useless and a waste of space. How would they like it if they were old and couldn’t do much so someone said lets shoot them just because there old? I’ve let my best friend down and now there is nothing I can do about it, im going to have to live with this decision for the rest of my remaining life. The next day I overheard Lennie and George talking in the bunk house, about buying a house with a few acres. It had a windmill, a chicken run, a kitchen, an orchard, a pig pen and so much more. Lennie seemed to be getting really excited about George building him some hutches for his rabbits to go. Then he went on to say about how when the salmon swim upstream they can catch them and have smoked salmon, every Sunday kill a chicken or a rabbit to have for Sunday dinner. Lennie was watching George as he spoke about what seemed to be a fantasy. I asked George if he knows of a place like this, he didn’t seem too eager to tell me but I wasn’t too bothered. â€Å"I was just wondering how much a place like that costs. † 600 bucks he said for a place like that, now that’s what you call a bargain. â€Å"Well I’ve got 350 bucks I could give you that if you let me come with you I’m no good here I’ve only got one hand, what do you say? † He had a little think but he then agreed I could come with them. We worked out that we would be outta this place within a month.

Evaluating a Health Promotion Website: Smoking Cessation

Evaluating a Health Promotion Website: Smoking Cessation Introduction: For the purpose of this assignment and based on the webquest, I have chosen Essay 2, evaluating a health promotion website. The current health promotion topic I have selected is smoking cessation. The National Health Service (NHS) has set up a â€Å"Go Smokefree† Services and a NHS smoking helpline plus a website offering free advice on stopping smoking and details of your local NHS Stop Smoking Services (NICE 2006). The rationale for this choice is that having completed a placement on a respiratory ward caring for patients with many smoking related diseases, it is important for me as an adult branch nurse to discuss health promotion issues, and to be up to date with current information in order to help educate people and allow them to make informed choices regarding their health, especially the health benefits of stopping smoking. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states that it is important for nurses to ensure that any advice or information given to patients is evidence based. Smoking is a long established health hazard and it is the largest avoidable cause of premature deaths in the UK (DOH 2007). It affects almost all branches of nursing because of the wide range of diseases and conditions which it causes. All types of health problems are linked to breathing in second hand smoke, so smokers risk the health of others as well as their own. Almost everyone knows that smoking is bad for their health but despite graphic images of blackened lungs and cancerous growths in doctors waiting rooms and on cigarette packets people start smoking or continue to smoke. In order to evaluate the information from my chosen website I will be using a framework (Kapoun 1998). The reason for using this framework is because his approach supports the assignment guidelines, which include; an overview of the website; the author’s credibility; content accuracy; content objectivity or bias; and the currency of the content. Accuracy: Having decided on the subject, smoking cessation I searched the World Wide Web, using the Google search engine using the criteria. I typed in current health promotions smoking, UK search only. This displayed 240,000 results, the number one return was www.nhs.uk/smokefree and I decided to use this one. The page is produced by the NHS and has no individual author. The website contains facilities for e-mail should you encounter any difficulties with using the website, and a direct contact telephone number for help and advice. The purpose of the document and the reason for its production (Kapoun 1998) is to provide information on the benefits of stopping smoking; it achieves this by offering advice online, and a facility to download inspirational DVDs and stop smoking guides. The website is aimed at providing information for all age groups and sections of the smoking population, with information and support networks available in many languages and formats including Braille. The website a lso provides many facilities for health care professionals to order various support materials like leaflets. In distinguishing between the author and the webmaster (Kapoun 1998) the author of the site who produces the content of the web page is the NHS, but the site webmaster who maintains the website is not shown as a separate body. The NHS as the major health care provider in the UK is more than qualified to write this document (Kapoun 1998) as they have access to all departments of health information and resources, plus government statistics and strategies. Authority: As discussed in the previous subheading the website publisher is not shown separately from the webmaster, but the copyright is held by the Department of Health (DOH 2007) for which no address is shown. The URL address is www.smokefree.nhs.uk and the domain is www.nhs.uk which clearly shows the document is published in the United Kingdom. The publisher does not list any qualifications but the pre-eminence of the NHS would lend authority to the document. Objectivity: The website does achieve its goals (Kapoun 1998). It achieves its objectives by making available information on the benefits of stopping smoking, the health risks and financial costs of continuing to smoke. For example the online calculator shows that the cost of smoking 40 cigarettes per day is  £300 per month, or  £37,000 over the next twenty years. The information is very detailed and explained in ordinary non-medical terms, making it easily readable for the average person. The website was obviously non-commercial, there was no external advertising, and the motives of the website were very clearly aimed only at dissuading people from starting to smoking and persuading them to stop. I feel that the NHS website was an excellent source of information; it had links to the national statistics website and links to the DOH website which clearly stated that it was a department of the government with ministerial responsibility, which clearly adds to its authority (Kapoun 1998). It had content for the layman seeking assistance to stop smoking, through to professionals, planning local and regional smoking cessation initiatives. In my opinion this website gave an objective point of view, because it presented the facts, the options, costs, the health risks and benefits without being judgemental, or biased against the smoking minority. By comparison, the Action on Smoking and Health (Ash) website presented its information in a more opinionated manner, the website had the feel of a crusade about it, rather than persuasion and offering information and support, it seemed to portray smokers as victims of the tobacco industry incapable of free choice. The website gives information on stopping smoking, and the benefits and aids to quitting, but the website feels like an anti-tobacco company campaign rather than a website promoting the benefits of stopping smoking. The website did not seem objective, as it presented its information and statistics in a more judgemental and bi ased manner. The contents of this website whilst containing information on ceasing smoking and the benefits of ceasing smoking appeared mainly political with a motive of banning the sale of tobacco. I feel that this website had a totally negative approach to dissuading smokers, and more of a dictatorial outlook. In further comparison the Nicorette.co.uk appeared factual in as much as it offered similar statistics as the NHS website but in a much simpler format. The information was easy to read, but it was aimed only at the general smoking public. Although it gives you the possible health benefits, and the costs of smoking which are in agreement with the NHS website, it is clearly a commercial website, promoting its own nicotine replacement therapies, although they do state on all their web pages, that stopping smoking â€Å"does require willpower†, which would infer that the products advertised are only an aid and not a cure. Unlike (ASH) the content of the website does not c riticise smokers or the tobacco companies, however as a commercial entity, it would not be in their commercial interest if tobacco was banned which may show an unspoken bias in favour of tobacco. Currency: The website appears to be up to date as it was set up at the start of the NHS â€Å"smokefree† campaign in 2007, although no specific update information available. All of the links were working and appeared to be updated regularly, as there was information on all current campaigns for February 2009 (Kapoun 1998). A current campaign dated 2nd February 2009 is designed to make the consequences of smoking during pregnancy more personal by explaining how smoking deprives the baby of oxygen and causes the babies heart to beat faster (DOH 2008). Coverage: The website appears to be almost completely self contained with very few external links (Kapoun 1998). The whole document appears to be very well balanced with images, videos text and graphics. For example, several television celebrities after being given advice and support from local NHS stop smoking advisers have recorded video diaries of their personal experiences of stopping smoking, which are available to view online, or you can also order a DVD free of charge. There is no special software requirements needed to view the information on the website, no browser recommendations are given, nor are there any fees payable to use the website, plus all downloads and promotional material is free (Kapoun 1998). There are accessibility options of large text for people who are visually impaired. The information on the website is mainly in the public domain, meaning there is no copyright, and no citations are shown. Conclusion: First impressions of the website were very positive and this carried on through as I read the material and followed the links. The website is well presented and all the links worked, the website was easy to use, interesting and catchy. There is a wealth of information on the effects of smoking, social effects (stains your teeth and clothes smell), the effects on other peoples health (second hand smoke), the financial costs (to the smoker) and not least the huge negative effects on the smoker’s health. The website equally promoted the enormous benefits to be gained by stopping smoking, even after many years of smoking. All information downloads, and promotional material is free. There are telephones lines for help and advice; addresses for regional centres were also available. I thought the website would be of great assistance to many people who genuinely wanted to quit smoking, the support and advice offered was very comprehensive, and also had facilities for health care profe ssionals, service providers and employers on how to refer smokers to NHS services, support smokers in stopping, and plan the delivery of smoking cessation services (NICE 2008). The website policy and privacy guidelines were difficult to find via the page links, but they could be found easily by using the search facility, if you could find the correct keywords. In my opinion the information was accurate, reliable, and the source, Department of Health (DOH), which is a Government Ministry, is trustworthy. On writing this assignment I have improved my knowledge and understanding regarding website evaluation. As a student nurse, and to offer evidence based health promotional information to patients, I realise how important it is to research the information, making sure it is current, checking how often it is updated, how reliable the information is, does it come from a credible source, can the reader trust the information (Kapoun 1998). I will take with me into future practice the knowledge that, before I provide any information to patients, it has been critically evaluated, in order for them to make informed choices regarding their health care. Reference List. ASH (2007) Essential information on stopping Smoking. [Online]. Available at http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_116.pdf [Accessed on 11th March 2009]. Department of Health (DOH) (2007) [online]. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Tobacco/index.htm [Accessed on 28th February 2009]. Department of Health (DOH) (2008) [Online]. Available at http://smokefree.nhs.uk/smoking-and-pregnancy/ [Accessed on 28th February 2009]. Kapoun, J. (1998) Teaching Undergraduates WEB Evaluation. College and Research Libraries News. July/August 1998. p 522-523. Nice (2006) Brief Interventions and Referral for Smoking Cessation in Primary Care and other Settings. [Online]. Available at http://www.gpiag.org/news/smokingcessation/nice_smoking_interventions_quick_reference.pdf [Accessed on 28th February 2009]. Nice (2008) Smoking Cessation Services. [Online]. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/PH10 [Accessed on 28th February 2009]. Nicorette (2009). Stop Smoking Now. [Online]. Available at www.nicorette.co.uk [Accessed on 10 March 2009]. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code. London: NMC. The National Health Service (NHS) (2007) â€Å"Go Smokefree†. [Online]. Available at www.smokefree.nhs.uk [Accessed on 27th February 2009].

Educational Philosophy Statement :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy Statement I wrote my first educational philosophy during my first semester in college. Now I have earned 67 hours of college credit, gaining more knowledge in all areas. My determination to earn a teaching degree remains strong, and my self-motivation is ever-present. I also have a large support group of friends and family who encourage me to continue even though my peers are retiring. The high school teacher that sparked my desire to teach continues to encourage my efforts also. My philosophy of education has changed slightly. I still believe that children are eager to please and ready to learn. My experience in a Russian orphanage with 350 orphans has made me more aware of children’s needs, physically and emotionally. Upon returning home from this trip, my eyes were opened to the needs of children in our community and state. I am more aware of the strong need for an education for each and every child. My views on the purpose of education have broadened, and I understand the value of quality education. Not only does an education prepare the student for his/her adult life, but also it boosts an individual’s self esteem to the highest level possible. I have experienced this first-hand and feel more comfortable and self-assured since taking college courses. The knowledge I have gained has given me confidence that only higher learning can give. I want to instill this philosophy into my students to increase their desire to learn. They need to know that an education can help them reach their goals in life. My view about my method of teaching has slightly changed. I will still use learning centers, hands-on activities, and creative play, but I have learned that a student must be challenged. A student who doesn’t feel challenged by his schoolwork soon becomes bored and uninterested. Learning must be exciting and rewarding. My views on curriculum haven’t changed much. I still see reading as the most important subject, along with writing. While taking several English courses, I found a love and appreciation of literature and writing.

Entrepreneurship in the Brazilian offshoring industry Essay -- Brazil

Case 1: Entrepreneurship in the Brazilian offshoring industry Brazil is one of the nations included in BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). In the past, Brazil’s outsourcing industry has been the smallest of the four BRIC nations. This is very surprising due to the close proximity to the United States and the current trend of â€Å"near-shoring†. However, due to recent governmental backing and inflows of capital Brazil has begun to improve and could possibly overtake Russia, India and China in the offshoring industry. The most promising sector in Brazil is their IT sector. Capital Access Index 2009 Access to Capital Brazil is the fourth-best country in Latin America for access to capital for entrepreneurs. Much of this improvement can be seen from their significant advances in bond market development and alternative sources of capital[1]. At the end of 2008, local and foreign investors had committed $28 billion in venture and private equity capital to Brazilian companies. That's up from $6 billion in 2004, amounting to a hearty 50% compound annual growth rate over the last four years[2]. On June 25 2009, Brazilian stock exchange Bovespa hosted the world’s largest IPO, a $4.3 billion offering by Brazilian credit-card processor VisaNet. Conditions in Brazil have been improving steadily. The country has achieved macroeconomic stability and institutional maturity and is now undergoing broad and fast-paced expansion, driven by an increase in income and social ascension as well as an increasingly important position in international trade. As well, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will reach an a nnual record of US$60 billion in 2011[8]. Even though entrepreneurs are currently enjoying easy access to capital, it is a concern that co... ...et and Trade Profile, December 2011, Visit Britain. http://www.visitbritain.org/Images/Brazil_tcm29-14673.pdf [10]Nes, Egil, May 23, 2011, The Brazil Business. http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/trends-of-doing-business-in-brazil-in-2011 [11] Brazil Economic Outlook At A Glance, June 26, 2011, Finance N Investment.com. http://www.financeninvestments.com/economics/brazil-gdp-growth.html [12]Background Note: Brazil, November 30, 2011, U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm [13] Baby Steps, September 17, 2011, The Economist. http://www.economist.com/node/21529045 [14] Comparing Exports of Goods Among BRIC Nations, November 8, 2011, Seeking Alpha. http://seekingalpha.com/article/306378-comparing-exports-of-goods-among-bric-nations [15]Underwood, Graham, 2012, sourcingfocus.com. http://www.sourcingfocus.com/site/opinionscomments/757/

Evil In The World :: essays research papers

Portraying Evil in the World The article I picked to show the evil in the world today was about a man named Abner Louima. This man was arrested in 1997 and is suing the state of New York for being beaten in a restroom in the station while being questioned. The sole witness Conelle Lugg, 19, he heard loud screaming and banging noises against the wall of the bathroom while he was in his cell, he then saw a police officer push Louima into a cell pants down and blood rushing out of his open wounds. The officer then proceeded to tell Louima to get on his knees. After all this Lugg said, that Louima fell to the floor and screamed in pain and begged to be taken to a hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four officers are accused of brutalizing Louima, 32, a Haitian immigrant who was arrested in a fight outside a nightclub in August of 97 and was mistakenly accused of hitting an officer. When a paramedic crew got to the precinct and finally gave Louima a chair to sit in the officer who had placed Louima in the cell returned and told Louima to stop screaming in pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the trial Lugg was asked by the prosecution to point out the man he had seen put Louima in his cell. Lugg quickly pointed to Officer Justin A. Volpe who is charged with torturing Louima by ramming a stick into his rectum and then into his mouth. Prosecutors say that Louima suffered a torn rectum and bladder. Louima required two months of hospitalization and three operations to repair the damage Volpe had done. The three other officers are being charged with joining Volpe in beating Louima in the police car while driving to the precinct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is one of the many stories I found in the newspaper that portrays evil in today’s society.

Cengel Solutions

Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications by Cengel & Cimbala CHAPTER 4 FLUID KINEMATICS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (â€Å"McGraw-Hill†) and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws.By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party.No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill. 4-1 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Introductory Problems 4-1C Solution We are to define and explain kinematics and fluid kinematics. Analysis Kinematics means the study of motion.Fluid kinematics is the study of how fluids flow and how to describe fluid motion. Fluid kinematics deals with describing the motion of fluids without considering (or even understanding) the forces and moments that cause the motion. Discussion Fluid kinematics deals with such things as describing how a fluid particle translates, distorts, and rotates, and how to visualize flow fields. 4-2 Solution We are to write an equation for centerline speed through a nozzle, given that the flow speed increases parabolically. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetri c. The water is incompressible. Analysis A general equation for a parabola in the x direction is u = a + b ( x ? c) General parabolic equation: 2 (1) We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit – uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq. 1 becomes u = uentrance + Parabolic speed: ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x2 (2) Discussion You can verify Eq. 2 by plugging in x = 0 and x = L. 4-3 Solution location. For a given velocity field we are to find out if there is a stagnation point.If so, we are to calculate its Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) At a stagnation point, both u and v must equal zero. At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y (2) x = ? 0. 4167 y = ? 1. 667 (3) Setting these to zero yields Stagnation point: 0 = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x 0 = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y So, yes there is a stagnation point; its location is x = -0. 17, y = -1. 67 (to 3 digits). Discussion If the flow were three-dimensional, we would have to set w = 0 as well to determine the location of the stagnation point. In some flow fields there is more than one stagnation point. 4-2 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-4 Solution location. For a given velocity field we are to find out if there is a stagnation point.If so, we are to calculate its Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is ( )( ) V = ( u, v ) = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) i + ? 2cby + 2c 2 xy j 2 (1) At a stagna tion point, both u and v must equal zero. At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) 2 v = ? 2cby + 2c 2 xy (2) b? a c y=0 (3) Setting these to zero and solving simultaneously yields Stagnation point: 0 = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) 2 x= v = ? 2cby + 2c xy So, yes there is a stagnation point; its location is x = (b – a)/c, y = 0. Discussion If the flow were three-dimensional, we would have to set w = 0 as well to determine the location of the stagnation point. In some flow fields there is more than one stagnation point. Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 4-5C Solution We are to define the Lagrangian description of fluid motion. Analysis In the Lagrangian description of fluid motion, individual fluid particles (fluid elements composed of a fixed, identifiable mass of fluid) are followed. DiscussionThe Lagrangian method of studying fluid motion is similar to that of studying billiard balls and other solid objects in physics. 4-6C Solution We are to compare the Lagrangian method to the study of systems and control volumes and determine to which of these it is most similar. Analysis The Lagrangian method is more similar to system analysis (i. e. , closed system analysis). In both cases, we follow a mass of fixed identity as it moves in a flow. In a control volume analysis, on the other hand, mass moves into and out of the control volume, and we don’t follow any particular chunk of fluid.Instead we analyze whatever fluid happens to be inside the control volume at the time. Discussion to a point. In fact, the Lagrangian analysis is the same as a system analysis in the limit as the size of the system shrinks 4-3 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-7C Sol ution description. We are to define the Eulerian description of fluid motion, and explain how it differs from the LagrangianAnalysis In the Eulerian description of fluid motion, we are concerned with field variables, such as velocity, pressure, temperature, etc. , as functions of space and time within a flow domain or control volume. In contrast to the Lagrangian method, fluid flows into and out of the Eulerian flow domain, and we do not keep track of the motion of particular identifiable fluid particles. Discussion The Eulerian method of studying fluid motion is not as â€Å"natural† as the Lagrangian method since the fundamental conservation laws apply to moving particles, not to fields. -8C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Since the probe is fixed in space and the fluid flows around it, we are not following individual fluid particles as they move. Instead, we are measuring a field variable at a particular location in sp ace. Thus this is an Eulerian measurement. Discussion If a neutrally buoyant probe were to move with the flow, its results would be Lagrangian measurements – following fluid particles. 4-9C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. AnalysisSince the probe moves with the flow and is neutrally buoyant, we are following individual fluid particles as they move through the pump. Thus this is a Lagrangian measurement. Discussion If the probe were instead fixed at one location in the flow, its results would be Eulerian measurements. 4-10C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Since the weather balloon moves with the air and is neutrally buoyant, we are following individual â€Å"fluid particles† as they move through the atmosphere. Thus this is a Lagrangian measurement.Note that in this case the â€Å"fluid particle† is huge, and can follow gross features of the flow – the ballo on obviously cannot follow small scale turbulent fluctuations in the atmosphere. Discussion When weather monitoring instruments are mounted on the roof of a building, the results are Eulerian measurements. 4-11C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Relative to the airplane, the probe is fixed and the air flows around it. We are not following individual fluid particles as they move. Instead, we are measuring a field variable at a particular location in space relative to the moving airplane.Thus this is an Eulerian measurement. Discussion The airplane is moving, but it is not moving with the flow. 4-4 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-12C Solution We are to compare the Eulerian method to the study of systems and contr ol volumes and determine to which of these it is most similar. Analysis The Eulerian method is more similar to control volume analysis.In both cases, mass moves into and out of the flow domain or control volume, and we don’t follow any particular chunk of fluid. Instead we analyze whatever fluid happens to be inside the control volume at the time. Discussion In fact, the Eulerian analysis is the same as a control volume analysis except that Eulerian analysis is usually applied to infinitesimal volumes and differential equations of fluid flow, whereas control volume analysis usually refers to finite volumes and integral equations of fluid flow. 4-13C Solution flow. We are to define a steady flow field in the Eulerian description, and discuss particle acceleration in such aAnalysis A flow field is defined as steady in the Eulerian frame of reference when properties at any point in the flow field do not change with respect to time. In such a flow field, individual fluid particle s may still experience non-zero acceleration – the answer to the question is yes. Discussion ( a = dV / dt ) Although velocity is not a function of time in a steady flow field, its total derivative with respect to time is not necessarily zero since the acceleration is composed of a local (unsteady) part which is zero and an advective part which is not necessarily zero. 4-14C SolutionWe are to list three alternate names for material derivative. Analysis The material derivative is also called total derivative, particle derivative, Eulerian derivative, Lagrangian derivative, and substantial derivative. â€Å"Total† is appropriate because the material derivative includes both local (unsteady) and convective parts. â€Å"Particle† is appropriate because it stresses that the material derivative is one following fluid particles as they move about in the flow field. â€Å"Eulerian† is appropriate since the material derivative is used to transform from Lagrangian to Eulerian reference frames. Lagrangian† is appropriate since the material derivative is used to transform from Lagrangian to Eulerian reference frames. Finally, â€Å"substantial† is not as clear of a term for the material derivative, and we are not sure of its origin. Discussion All of these names emphasize that we are following a fluid particle as it moves through a flow field. 4-5 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-15 Solution We are to calculate the material acceleration for a given velocity field. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is V = ( u , v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i ? byj (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) b + ( ? by ) 0 + 0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v ay = + u + v + w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) 0 + ( ? by )( ? b ) +0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) here the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to ax = b (U 0 + bx ) ay = b2 y (3) a = b (U 0 + bx ) i + b 2 yj Material acceleration components: (4) In terms of a vector, Material acceleration vector: Discussion For positive x and b, fluid particles accelerate in the positive x direction. Even though this flow is steady, there is still a non-zero acceleration field. 4-16 Solution particle. For a given pressure and velocity field, we are to calculate the rate of change of pressure following a fluid Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The pressure field is P = P0 ? Pressure field: 2U 0 bx + b 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ? 2? ? (1) By definition, the material derivative, when applied to pressure, produces the rate of change of pressure following a fluid particle. Using Eq. 1 and the velocity components from the previous problem, DP ? P ?P ?P = +u +v + Dt ?t ?x ?y Steady ( w ?P ?z (2) Two-dimensional ) ( = (U 0 + bx ) ? ?U 0 b ? ? b 2 x + ( ? by ) ? ? b 2 y ) where the unsteady term is zero since this is a steady flow, and the term with w is zero since the flow is two-dimensional.Eq. 2 simplifies to the following rate of change of pressure following a fluid particle: ( ) DP 2 = ? ? ? U 0 b ? 2U 0 b 2 x + b3 y 2 ? x 2 ? ? ? Dt (3) Discussion The material derivative can be applied to any flow property, scalar or vector. Here we apply it to the pressure, a scalar quantity. 4-6 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permi ssion. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-17 SolutionFor a given velocity field we are to calculate the acceleration. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity components are Velocity components: u = 1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y v = 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + (1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y )( 2. 8 ) + ( 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y )( 0. 65 ) + 0 ? t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v + u + v + w = 0 + (1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y )( ? 2. 1) + ( 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y )( ? 2. ) +0 ay = ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = 3. 717 + 6. 475 x a y = ? 5. 054 + 6. 475 y (3) At the point (x,y) = (-2,3), the acceleration components of Eq. 3 are Acceleration compone nts at (-2,3): ax = ? 9. 233 ? -9. 23 a y = 14. 371 ? 14. 4 Discussion The final answers are given to three significant digits. No units are given in either the problem statement or the answers. We assume that the coefficients have appropriate units. 4-18 SolutionFor a given velocity field we are to calculate the acceleration. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity components are Velocity components: u = 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y v = ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. 3 y (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + ( 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y )(1. 3) + ( ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. 3 y )( 0. 85 ) + 0 ? t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v + u + v + w = 0 + ( 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y )( 0. 95 ) + ( ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. y )( ? 1. 3 ) +0 ay = ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = ? 0. 165 + 2. 4975 x a y = 0. 84 + 2. 4975 y (3) At the point (x,y) = (1,2), the acceleration components of Eq. 3 are Acceleration components at (1,2): ax = 2. 3325 ? 2. 33 a y = 5. 835 ? 5. 84 Discussion The final answers are given to three significant digits. No units are given in either the problem statement or the answers. We assume that the coefficients have appropriate units. -7 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-19 Solution We are to generate an expression for the fluid acceleration for a given velocity. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric. 3 The water is incompressible. Analysis In Problem 4-2 we found that along the centerline, u = uentranc e + Speed along centerline of nozzle: ( uexit ? uentrance ) x2 (1) ?u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w ?t ?x y ?z (2) L2 To find the acceleration in the x-direction, we use the material acceleration, ax = Acceleration along centerline of nozzle: The first term in Eq. 2 is zero because the flow is steady. The last two terms are zero because the flow is axisymmetric, which means that along the centerline there can be no v or w velocity component. We substitute Eq. 1 for u to obtain Acceleration along centerline of nozzle: ax = u ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 ? ( uexit ? uentrance ) ?u ? = ? uentrance + x ? ( 2) x ? ? ?x ? L2 L2 ? (3) or ax = 2uentrance Discussion ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x+2 ( uexit ? uentrance )L4 2 x3 (4) Fluid particles are accelerated along the centerline of the nozzle, even though the flow is steady. 4-20 Solution We are to write an equation for centerline speed through a diffuser, given that the flow speed decreases parabolically. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axis ymmetric. Analysis A general equation for a parabola in x is General parabolic equation: u = a + b ( x ? c) 2 (1) We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit – uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq. becomes Parabolic speed: Discussion u = uentrance + ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x2 (2) You can verify Eq. 2 by plugging in x = 0 and x = L. 4-8 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-21 Solution We are to generate an expression for the fluid acceleration for a given velocity, and then calculate its value at two x locations. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric. AnalysisIn the previous problem, we found that along the centerline, u = uent rance + Speed along centerline of diffuser: ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 L x2 (1) To find the acceleration in the x-direction, we use the material acceleration, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser: ax = ?u ?u ?u ?u +w +u +v ?z ?t ?x ?y (2) The first term in Eq. 2 is zero because the flow is steady. The last two terms are zero because the flow is axisymmetric, which means that along the centerline there can be no v or w velocity component. We substitute Eq. 1 for u to obtain Acceleration along centerline of diffuser: ( uexit ? uentrance ) x 2 ? ( uexit ? entrance ) x ?u ? = ? uentrance + ax = u ? ( 2) ? ?x ? L2 L2 ? ? or ax = 2uentrance ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 L x+2 ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 4 L x3 (3) At the given locations, we substitute the given values. At x = 0, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser at x = 0: ax ( x = 0 ) = 0 (4) At x = 1. 0 m, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser at x = 1. 0 m: ax ( x = 1. 0 m ) = 2 ( 30. 0 m/s ) ( ? 25. 0 m/s ) ( ? 25. 0 m/s ) 3 (1. 0 m ) + 2 (1. 0 m ) 2 4 ( 2. 0 m ) ( 2. 0 m ) 2 (5) = -297 m/s 2 Discussion ax is negative implying that fluid particles are decelerated along the centerline of the diffuser, even though the flow is steady.Because of the parabolic nature of the velocity field, the acceleration is zero at the entrance of the diffuser, but its magnitude increases rapidly downstream. 4-9 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 4-22C Solution We are to define streamline and discuss what streamlines indicate. Analysis A streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent to the instantaneous local velocity vector.It indicates the instantaneous direction of fluid motion throughout the flow field. Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines, pathlines, and st reaklines are identical. 4-23 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the streamlines. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. The steady, two-dimensional velocity field of Problem 4-15 is Analysis V = ( u , v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i ? byj Velocity field: (1) For two-dimensional flow in the x-y plane, streamlines are given by Streamlines in the x-y plane: dy ? v = dx ? along a streamline u (2) We substitute the u and v components of Eq. 1 into Eq. 2 and rearrange to get dy ?by = dx U 0 + bx We solve the above differential equation by separation of variables: dy dx = by ? U 0 + bx Integration yields 1 1 1 ? ln ( by ) = ln (U 0 + bx ) + ln C1 b b b (3) where we have set the constant of integration as the natural logarithm of some constant C1, with a constant in front in order to simplify the algebra (notice that the factor of 1/b can be removed from each term in Eq. 3). When we recall that ln(ab) = lna + lnb, and that –lna = ln(1/a), Eq. 3 simplifies to Equation for streamlines: y= CU 0 + bx ) ( (4) The new constant C is related to C1, and is introduced for simplicity. Discussion Each value of constant C yields a unique streamline of the flow. 4-10 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-24E Solution For a given velocity field we are to plot several streamlines for a given range of x and y values. 3 Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis From the solution to the previous problem, an equation for the streamlines is 1 Streamlines in the x-y plane: y= C (U 0 + bx ) (1) y0 (ft) Constant C is set to various values in order to plot the streamlines. Several streamlines in the given range of x and y are plotted in Fig. 1. The directi on of the flow is found by calculating u and v at some point in the flow field. We choose x = 1 ft, y = 1 ft. At this point u = 9. 6 ft/s and v = –4. 6 ft/s. The direction of the velocity at this point is obviously to the lower right. This sets the direction of all the streamlines. The arrows in Fig. indicate the direction of flow. Discussion -1 -2 -3 0 1 2 3 x (ft) 4 5 The flow is type of converging channel flow. FIGURE 1 Streamlines (solid blue curves) for the given velocity field; x and y are in units of ft. 4-25C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of dye streaks in water, each streak shows the time history of dye that was introduced earlier from a port in the body. Thus these are streaklines. Since the flow appears to be steady, these streaklines are the same as pathlines and streamlines. DiscussionIt is assumed that the dye follows the flow of the water. If the dye is of nearly th e same density as the water, this is a reasonable assumption. 4-26C Solution We are to define pathline and discuss what pathlines indicate. Analysis A pathline is the actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle over some time period. It indicates the exact route along which a fluid particle travels from its starting point to its ending point. Unlike streamlines, pathlines are not instantaneous, but involve a finite time period. Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines are identical. -27C Solution We are to define streakline and discuss the difference between streaklines and streamlines. Analysis A streakline is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially through a prescribed point in the flow. Streaklines are very different than streamlines. Streamlines are instantaneous curves, everywhere tangent to the local velocity, while streaklines are produced over a finite time period. In an unsteady flow, streaklines distort and t hen retain features of that distorted shape even as the flow field changes, whereas streamlines change instantaneously with the flow field.Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines and streaklines are identical. 4-11 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-28C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of dye streaks in water, each streak shows the time history of dye that was introduced earlier from a port in the body.Thus these are streaklines. Since the flow appears to be unsteady, these streaklines are not the same as pathlines or streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the dye follows the flow of the water. If the dye is of nearly the same density as the water, this is a r easonable assumption. 4-29C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of smoke streaks in air, each streak shows the time history of smoke that was introduced earlier from the smoke wire. Thus these are streaklines.Since the flow appears to be unsteady, these streaklines are not the same as pathlines or streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the smoke follows the flow of the air. If the smoke is neutrally buoyant, this is a reasonable assumption. In actuality, the smoke rises a bit since it is hot; however, the air speeds are high enough that this effect is negligible. 4-30C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a time exposure of air bubbles in water, each white streak shows the path of an individual air bubble.Thus these are pathlines. Since the outer flow (top and bottom portions of the photograph) appears to be ste ady, these pathlines are the same as streaklines and streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the air bubbles follow the flow of the water. If the bubbles are small enough, this is a reasonable assumption. 4-31C Solution We are to define timeline and discuss how timelines can be produced in a water channel. We are also to describe an application where timelines are more useful than streaklines. Analysis A timeline is a set of adjacent fluid particles that were marked at the same instant of time.Timelines can be produced in a water flow by using a hydrogen bubble wire. There are also techniques in which a chemical reaction is initiated by applying current to the wire, changing the fluid color along the wire. Timelines are more useful than streaklines when the uniformity of a flow is to be visualized. Another application is to visualize the velocity profile of a boundary layer or a channel flow. Discussion Timelines differ from streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines even if the flo w is steady. 4-32C Solution For each case we are to decide whether a vector plot or contour plot is most appropriate, and we are to explain our choice.Analysis In general, contour plots are most appropriate for scalars, while vector plots are necessary when vectors are to be visualized. (a) A contour plot of speed is most appropriate since fluid speed is a scalar. (b) A vector plot of velocity vectors would clearly show where the flow separates. Alternatively, a vorticity contour plot of vorticity normal to the plane would also show the separation region clearly. (c) A contour plot of temperature is most appropriate since temperature is a scalar. (d) A contour plot of this component of vorticity is most appropriate since one component of a vector is a scalar.Discussion There are other options for case (b) – temperature contours can also sometimes be used to identify a separation zone. 4-12 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution pe rmitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-33 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the streamlines and sketch several streamlines in the first quadrant. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane.Analysis The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) For two-dimensional flow in the x-y plane, streamlines are given by dy ? v = ? dx ? along a streamline u Streamlines in the x-y plane: (2) We substitute the u and v components of Eq. 1 into Eq. 2 and rearrange to get dy ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y = dx 0. 5 + 1. 2 x We solve the above differential equation by separation of variables: dy dx = ?2. 0 ? 1. 2 y 0. 5 + 1. 2 x > dy dx ? ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y = ? 0. 5 + 1. 2 x Integration yields ? 1 1 1 ln ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) = ln ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) ? ln C1 1. 2 1. 2 1. 2 here we have set the constant of integration as the natural logarithm of some constant C1, with a constant in front in order to simplify the algebra. When we recall that ln(ab) = lna + lnb, and that –lna = ln(1/a), Eq. 3 simplifies to Equation for streamlines: y= 5 y 4 3 2 C ? 1. 667 1. 2 ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) 1 The new constant C is related to C1, and is introduced for simplicity. C can be set to various values in order to plot the streamlines. Several streamlines in the upper right quadrant of the given flow field are shown in Fig. 1. The direction of the flow is found by calculating u and v at some point in the flow field.We choose x = 3, y = 3. At this point u = 4. 1 and v = -5. 6. The direction of the velocity at this point is obviously to the lower right. This sets the direction of all the streamlines. The arrows in Fig. 1 indicate the direction of flow. Discussion 6 (3) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Streamlines (solid black curves) for the given velocity field. The flow appea rs to be a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant. 4-13 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-34 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate a velocity vector plot in the first quadrant. Scale: 6 Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis 5 y4 The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j 3 (1) 2 At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x 10 m/s v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y 1 0 (2) 0To plot velocity vectors, we simply pick an (x,y) point, calculate u and v from Eq. 2, and plot an arrow with its tail at (x,y), and its tip at (x+Su,y+Sv) where S is some scale factor for the vector plot. For the vector plot shown in Fig. 1, we chose S = 0. 2, and plot velocity vectors at several locations in the first quadrant. 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Velocity vectors for the given velocity field. The scale is shown by the top arrow. Discussion The flow appears to be a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant. 4-35 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an acceleration vector plot in the first quadrant.Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y Scale: (2) 6 The acceleration field is obtained from its definition (the material acceleration), Acceleration components: ?u ?u ?u ?u ax = +u +v +w = 0 + ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x )(1. 2 ) + 0 + 0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v ay = + u + v + w = 0 + 0 + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y )( ? 1. 2 ) +0 t ?x ?y ?z 5 4 y 3 2 (3) 1 0 0 where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is two-dimensional. Eq. 3 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = 0. 6 + 1. 44 x a y = 2. 4 + 1. 44 y 10 m/s2 (4) 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Acceleration vectors for the velocity field. The scale is shown by the top arrow. To plot the acceleration vectors, we simply pick an (x,y) point, calculate ax and ay from Eq. 4, and plot an arrow with its tail at (x,y), and its tip at (x+Sax,y+Say) where S is some scale factor for the vector plot. For the vector plot shown in Fig. , we chose S = 0. 15, and plot acceleration vectors at several locations in the first quadrant. Discussion Since the flow is a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant, the acceleration vectors point to the upper right (centripetal acceleration). 4-14 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill C ompanies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-36 For the given velocity field, the location(s) of stagnation point(s) are to be determined.Several velocity Solution vectors are to be sketched and the velocity field is to be described. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The flow is two-dimensional, implying no z-component of velocity and no variation of u or v with z. Analysis (a) The velocity field is Scale: V = ( u , v ) = (1 + 2. 5 x + y ) i + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y ) j (1) 5 Since V is a vector, all its components must equal zero in order for V itself to be zero. Setting each component of Eq. 1 to zero, Simultaneous equations: x = -0. 421 m 4 3 u = 1 + 2. 5 x + y = 0 v = ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. y = 0 y 2 We can easily solve this set of two equations and two unknowns simultaneously. Yes, there is one s tagnation point, and it is located at Stagnation point: 10 m/s y = 0. 0526 m 1 0 (b) The x and y components of velocity are calculated from Eq. 1 for several (x,y) locations in the specified range. For example, at the point (x = 2 m, y = 3 m), u = 9. 00 m/s and v = -11 m/s. The magnitude of velocity (the speed) at that point is 14. 21 m/s. At this and at an array of other locations, the velocity vector is constructed from its two components, the results of which are shown in Fig. . The flow can be described as a counterclockwise turning, accelerating flow from the upper left to the lower right. The stagnation point of Part (a) does not lie in the upper right quadrant, and therefore does not appear on the sketch. -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Velocity vectors in the upper right quadrant for the given velocity field. Discussion The stagnation point location is given to three significant digits. It will be verified in Chap. 9 that this flow field is physically valid because it satisfies th e differential equation for conservation of mass. 4-15 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-37 For the given velocity field, the material acceleration is to be calculated at a particular point and plotted at Solution several locations in the upper right quadrant. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The flow is two-dimensional, implying no z-component of velocity and no variation of u or v with z. Analysis (a) The velocity field isV = ( u , v ) = (1 + 2. 5 x + y ) i + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y ) j (1) Using the velocity field of Eq. 1 and the equation for material acceleration in Cartesian coordinates, we write expressions for the two non-zero components of the acceleration vector: ax = ?u ?u +u ?t ?x +v ?u ?y +w ?u ?z Scale: = 0 + (1 + 2. 5 x + y )( 2. 5 ) + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y )(1) + 0 10 m/s2 5 4 and ay = ?v ?v +u ?t ?x +v ?v ?y +w ?v ?z = 0 + (1 + 2. 5 x + y )( ? 1. 5 ) + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y )( ? 2. 5 ) + 0 3 y 2 1 At (x = 2 m, y = 3 m), ax = 11. 5 m/s2 and ay = 14. 0 m/s2. b) The above equations are applied to an array of x and y values in the upper right quadrant, and the acceleration vectors are plotted in Fig. 1. Discussion The acceleration vectors plotted in Fig. 1 point to the upper right, increasing in magnitude away from the origin. This agrees qualitatively with the velocity vectors of Fig. 1 of the previous problem; namely, fluid particles are accelerated to the right and are turned in the counterclockwise direction due to centripetal acceleration towards the upper right. Note that the acceleration field is non-zero, even though the flow is steady. 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x